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Type:	clothing
Ethnic Group:	Kuba (Bakuba)
Country:	Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire)
ECU Number:	L0089-A
Description:	These three belts have overall multi-colored beadwork and cowrie shells, including one with seashell form pendant. The designs and materials of belts signified the wearerÕs sex, clan lineage, social status, and wealth. Beads, which reflect and transmit light, symbolize a spiritual connection. Cowrie shells were a form of currency, and indicated wealth.Provenance: Kuba royal family (two belts)
Significance researched to date:	Belts were more than adornment; they announced the status of the individual. The design patterns on belts might signify whether a woman was married or unmarried. For men, they might indicate clan lineage or membership in secret societies. They were a type of badge or identification card. After initiation, young men were awarded a special belt to celebrate having survived many arduous challenges and tests, and having achieved manhood. Suspended from a belt were a variety of items such as protective medicines, figurines or charms. The chiefÕs belts were part of his insignia along with bracelets, hats, hides, knives, drums, scepters, and stools. Royal insignia were displayed in ceremonies to reinforce the chiefÕs power and authority. Their large size resulted from the many layers of costume worn under the belt. Designs of beads and cowrie shells were specified by individual chiefs and made to order. Beads absorb, reflect and transmit light, and therefore symbolize a spirtual aspect connected to the kingship. Cowrie shells were a form of currency and indicated wealth. To be surrounded with cowrie shells was to be surrounded by the wealth and power of lineage.(Fagg,40)